Compilation of the ethical oath of Iranian accountants

Authors
1 Full Professor, Shiraz University, Iran (corresponding author)
2 Ph.D. Student of Accounting, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.(hosrado@gmail.com)
Abstract
The ethical oath is the most important moral covenant of professionals. The purpose of this research is to develop an ethical oath for Iranian accountants. In this regard, using the "Archival Method" of oaths of various professions including Kenyan auditors' oath, Texas accountants' oath, South African accountants' oath, Irish accountants' oath, Geneva oath, MBA oath, University directors' oath, economists' oath, Dutch bankers’ oath, National Association of Personal Financial Advisers’ oath, Hippocratic Financial Oath, financial and banking oath, and asset managers’ oath, were investigated and undergone "content analysis". Then, by creating a conceptual model, the weaknesses of the ethical oath of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants (IACPA) is examined in five categories of form and face, content, stakeholders, principles, norms, and values. In the following, using the template and also the model of sustainable development of accounting ethics in Iran, and based on the ethical oath of the IACPA, attempts are made to overcome the observed deficiencies and to introduce a new version of the oath in Iran on the basis of the relevant documentation. Also, changes were made based on the Delphi technique from the viewpoint of professional and academic experts.The findings show that the proposed oath overcome the deficiencies in the ethical oath of the IACPA. Also, changes were made from Using the "Delphi Technique" based on the view of 14 people of professional and academic experts. The findings showed that the most important from the experts' point of view are norms and values, and the least important for the form. As a result, the proposed invoice for accounting was presented.
Keywords

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). (2012). Code of Professional Conduct. Visible on: www.Aicpa.org.
اترک، حسین. (1389)، وظیفه‌گرایی اخلاقی، اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، سال پنجم، شماره‌های 1 و 2، صص 27- 35.
Anderson, M., and Escher, P. (2010). The MBA Oath: Setting a Higher Standard for Business Leaders. New York: Portfolio.
امیری، علی‌نقی؛ همتی، محمد؛ مبینی، مهدی. (1389)، اخلاق حرفه‌ای؛ ضرورتی برای سازمان، معرفت اخلاقی، شماره 4، پاییز، صص 137- 159.
Ashby, E. (1968). A Hippocratic oath for the academic profession. Minerva 7, 64–66.
آیین‌نامه رفتار حرفه‌ای دیوان محاسبات (1383)، دیوان محاسبات کشور. قابل مشاهده در: http://www.dmk.ir/ShowPage.aspx?page_=form&order=show&lang=1&sub=0&PageId=235&codeV=1&tempname=Main
Boatright, J. (2012). Ethics and Conduct in Business (7th ed). Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
جامعه حسابداران رسمی ایران. (1396)، سوگندنامه اعضای جامعه. قابل مشاهده در: http://www.iacpa.ir/Portals/0/Downloads/ghavanin/Soghandnameh.pdf?ver=1396-01-24-183435-867
Bruin, B. (2016). Pledging integrity: Oaths as forms of business ethics management. Journal of Business Ethics 136: 23–42.
رحمان‌سرشت، حسین؛ رفیعی، محمود؛ کوشا، مرتضی. (1388)، مسئولیت اجتماعی؛ اخلاقیات فراسازمانی، ماهنامه تدبیر، سال 19، شماره 204، صص 22- 27.
Cabrera, A. (2003). A Hippocratic Oath for business? Handelsblatt. Availabe at: http://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/ management/strategie/a-hippocratic-oath-forbusiness/2259900.
رحمانی، حلیمه؛ رجب‌دری، حسین. (1395)، بررسی تأثیر اخلاق حرفه‌ای بر عملکرد سازمانی در مدیران صنعتی استان فارس، دستاوردهای حسابداری ارزشی و رفتاری، سال اول، شماره اول، صص 53- 75.
Cohn, A., Fehr, E., and Mare´chal, M. (2014). Business culture and dishonesty in the banking industry. Nature 516 (7529): 86–89.
رضوانی، روح اله. (1389)، تحلیل محتوا، عیار پژوهش در علوم انسانی، شماره 3: 137- 156.
Cristopher, M., Payne, A., and BaUantyne, D. (2002). Relationship Marketing: Creating Stakeholder Value, 2nd edn (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford).
سازمان حسابرسی. (1389)، آیین رفتار حرفه‌ای سازمان حسابرسی. قابل مشاهده در: https://www.audit.org.ir/WFrmCodificatedStandardComment.aspx?Id=Approved
DeMartino, G. (2010). The Economist’s Oath. New York: Oxford University Press.
علی‌مدد، مصطفی. (1383)، درآمدی بر اخلاق و آئین رفتار حسابداران حرفه‌ای، حسابرس، شماره 27، صص 27- 37.
DeMartino, G. (2013). Epistemic aspects of economic practice and the need for professional economic ethics. Review of Social Economy 71(2): 166–186.
فرامرزقراملکی، احد. (1384)، جامعه دینی جامعه‌ای هماهنگ، اندیشه حوزه، شماره 56، صص، 38 ـ 29.
Duska, R., Duska, B., and Ragatz, J. (2011). Accounting Ethics, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
فروغی، داریوش؛ میرشمس‌شهشهانی، مرتضی؛ پورحسین، سمیه. (1387). نگرش مدیران درباره‌ی افشای اطلاعات حسابداری اجتماعی: شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران (1386)، بررسی‌های حسابداری و حسابرسی، دوره 15، شماره 3، صص 55- 70.
Exton, W. (1982). Ethical and moral considerations and the principle of excellence in management consulting. Journal of Business Ethics 1(3): 211–218.
کریپندورف، کلوس. (1378). تحلیل‌محتوا. (هوشنگ نایب). تهران: انتشارات روش. (1999).
Gillon, R. (2000). A personal view: White coat ceremonies for new medical students. Journal of Medical Ethics 26(2): 83–84.
معین، محمد. (1369). فرهنگ فارسی معین. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
Hartenberger, U., Lorenz, D., and Lu¨tzkendorf, T. (2013). A shared built environment: Professional identity through education and training. Building Research & Information 41(1): 60–76.
نمازی، محمد؛ ابراهیمی، فهیمه. (1396)، بررسی تأثیر سازه‌های فردی و اجتماعی بر شدت اخلاقی ادراک شده توسط حسابداران، دستاوردهای حسابداری ارزشی و رفتاری، سال دوم، شماره دوم، صص 97- 121.
International Ethical Standards Board for Accountant (IESBA). (2012). Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Visible on: www.Ethicsboard.org.
هس‌مر، ال.تی. (1389). اخلاق در مدیریت. (سیدمحمد اعرابی و داود ایزدی). تهران: دفتر پژوهش‌های فرهنگی. (2003).
Khurana, R., and Nohria, N. (2008). It’s time to make management a true profession. Harvard Business Review, 86 (October): 70–77.
Lekakis, G. (2012). Industry ponders oath with exit clause. Banking Day News Bites (Australia).
Loo, R. (2002). The Delphi method: A powerful tool for strategic management. Policing. International Journal of Polics Strategies & Management; 25(4): 762-769.
Miles, S. H. (2005). The Hippocratic Oath and the Ethics of Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Boyle, E. (2011). Anderson and Escher’s The MBA Oath: Reviewessay. Journal of Business Ethics 101: 285–295.
Parkan, B. (2008). A virtue of estrangement from self-activity? Journal of Business Ethics 78(1/2): 77–85.
Pearlman, R. A. (1990). The value of an oath of professional conduct: Process, content or both?. The Journal of Clinical Ethics 1(4): 292–293.
Ragatz, J. A., and Duska, R. F. (2010). Financial Codes of Ethics. In J. Boatright (Ed.), Finance Ethics: Critical Issues in Theory and Practice (pp. 297–323). Hoboken: Wiley.
Ringshaw, G. (2004). Sykes wants ‘Hippocratic Oath’ for Investment Sector. Telegraph.
Rutgers, M. (2013). Will the phoenix fly again? Reflections on the efficacy of oaths as a means to secure honesty. Review of Social Economy 71(2): 249–276.
Schweizer Bank. (2013, February 15). Banker sollen einen Eidleisten. Schweizer Bank.
Sharrock, G. (2010). Two Hippocratic oaths for higher education. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 32(4): 365–377.
Sharrock, G. (2011). Reply to ‘Professionals, oaths and flashbacks in the University’ by Peodair Leihy. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 33(4): 321–323.
Smaglik, P., and Macilwain, C. (2001). Scientists seek solidarity in oaths. Nature, 409(6823), 971.
Smith, L. (2008). Luca Pacioli: The father of accounting. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
Sonnerfeldt, A., and Loft, A. (2018). The changing face of ethics –Developing a Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants from 1977 to 2006. Accounting History. Availabe at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1032373217751219.
Sritharan, K., Russell, G., Fritz, Z., Wong, D., Rollin, M., Dunning, J.,et al. (2001). Medical oaths and declarations. British Medical Journal 323(7327): 1440–1441.
Sulmasy, D. (1999). What is an oath and why should a physician swear one? Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 20, 329–346.
Thomas, N., and Barnes, E. (2010). Bankers ‘should swear Hippocratic-style oath to make them behave’. Scotsman. Availabe at: https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/bankers-should-swear-hippocratic-style-oath-to-make-them-behave-1-789103.
Veatch, R. M., and Macpherson, C. C. (2010). Medical school oath taking: The moral controversy. Journal of Clinical Ethics 21(4): 335–345.
Watson, D. (2007). Does higher education need a Hippocratic Oath? Higher Education Quarterly 61: 362–374.
Webb, T. (2010). Hippocratic oath’ for bank workers meets with skepticism. Guardian.