Identifying The Dimensions And Indicators Affecting Managers' Fraud In Financial Reporting Based On The Hexagon Theory Of Fraud: A Meta-Synthesis

Authors
ziba abdollahi 1
parviz piri 2
hamzeh didar 3
ali rahmani 4
1 Ph.D Student of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran (z.abdollahi@urmia.ac.ir)
2 Associate Professor of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran (Corresponding Author)
3 Associate Professor of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran (h.didar@urmia.ac.ir)
4 Professor of Accounting, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran (rahmani@alzahra.ac.ir)
Abstract
Today, it is necessary to apply effective procedures to control employees based on agency theory. With this statement, The aim of the present research is to identify the dimensions and indicators affecting managerial fraud in financial reporting based on the hexagonal theory of fraud. Thus, using the meta-synthesis method and the Sandelowski and Barroso model, which includes seven steps, 198 studies published in reputable domestic and foreign journals were examined in the period from 1397 to 1403 AH and from 2015 to 2025 AD. By analyzing the content of these studies, the relevant codes, and measuring the importance and priority of each using a questionnaire and survey of 15 experts and professional professors and using the Shannon entropy method, 6 main categories (pressure, opportunity, ability, justification, arrogance, and collusion), 19 subcategories, 38 concepts, and 158 codes were extracted. The results of the Shannon entropy technique indicate that the justification factor (quality of auditing firms, reduced audit quality, and changing auditors to conceal fraud), ability (education of managers and replacing managers with more qualified ones), motivation (lower asset growth and institutional ownership), arrogance (frequent images of the CEO), and collusion (auditor remuneration) are the most significant indicators affecting managerial fraud in financial reporting. The findings of this research provide a comprehensive theoretical basis and explicit evidence for informing policy evaluations and investigations related to the dimensions and indicators affecting managerial fraud in financial reporting.
Keywords
Hexagon Theory Of Fraud
Pentagon Theory Of Fraud Fraudulent Financial Reporting
Metasynthesis
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Value and Behavioral Accounting
Volume 11, Issue 21
Summer 2026
Pages 1-43